Additional balance sheet disclosures in accordance with IFRS 7 (Financial Instruments)

The tables below show the carrying amounts of financial instruments by measurement category:

  (XLS:) Download

CARRYING AMOUNT OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS BY IAS 39 MEASUREMENT CATEGORY IN 2017

€ million

 

Dec. 31, 2017

 

 

 

Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss

 

1,712

Loans and receivables

 

125,550

Available-for-sale financial assets

 

16,182

Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss

 

1,540

Financial liabilities measured at amortized cost

 

198,821

  (XLS:) Download

CARRYING AMOUNT OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS BY IFRS 9 MEASUREMENT CATEGORY IN 2018

€ million

 

Dec. 31, 2018

 

 

 

Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss

 

15,556

Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income (debt instruments)

 

3,542

Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income (equity instruments)

 

148

Financial assets measured at amortized cost

 

143,466

Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss

 

1,484

Financial liabilities measured at amortized cost

 

225,989

CLASSES OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS

Financial instruments are divided into the following classes at the Volkswagen Group:

  • financial instruments measured at fair value;
  • financial instruments measured at amortized cost;
  • derivative financial instruments within hedge accounting;
  • not allocated to any measurement category; and
  • credit commitments and financial guarantees (off-balance sheet).

RECONCILIATION OF BALANCE SHEET ITEMS TO CLASSES OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS

The following table shows the reconciliation of the balance sheet items to the relevant classes of financial instruments, broken down by the carrying amount and fair value of the financial instruments.

The fair value of financial instruments measured at amortized cost, such as receivables and liabilities, is calculated by discounting using a market rate of interest for a similar risk and matching maturity. For reasons of materiality, the fair value of current balance sheet items is generally deemed to be their carrying amount.

As a result of the initial application of IFRS 9 and IFRS 15, the carrying amounts of contract assets, lease receivables and liabilities and equity-accounted associates and joint ventures have been classified as “not allocated to any measurement category” since fiscal year 2018. Apart from those, other amounts (excluding financial instruments) may also be included here for reconciliation to the carrying amounts.

The risk variables governing the fair value of the receivables are risk-adjusted interest rates.

Financial instruments measured at fair value also include shares in partnerships and corporations.

  (XLS:) Download

RECONCILIATION OF BALANCE SHEET ITEMS TO CLASSES OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS
AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2017

 

 

MEASURED AT FAIR VALUE

 

MEASURED AT
AMORTIZED COST

 

DERIVATIVE FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS WITHIN HEDGE ACCOUNTING

 

NOT ALLOCATED TO A MEASUREMENT CATEGORY

 

BALANCE SHEET ITEM AT Dec. 31, 2017

€ million

 

Carrying amount

 

Carrying amount

 

Fair value

 

Carrying amount

 

Carrying amount

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Noncurrent assets

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Equity-accounted investments

 

 

 

 

 

8,205

 

8,205

Other equity investments

 

243

 

 

 

 

1,075

 

1,318

Financial services receivables

 

 

43,096

 

44,093

 

 

30,153

 

73,249

Other financial assets

 

776

 

4,364

 

4,391

 

3,315

 

 

8,455

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Current assets

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Trade receivables

 

 

13,357

 

13,357

 

 

 

13,357

Financial services receivables

 

 

37,142

 

37,142

 

 

16,003

 

53,145

Other financial assets

 

936

 

9,153

 

9,153

 

1,909

 

 

11,998

Marketable securities

 

15,939

 

 

 

 

 

15,939

Cash, cash equivalents and time deposits

 

 

18,457

 

18,457

 

 

 

18,457

Assets held for sale

 

 

 

 

 

90

 

90

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Noncurrent liabilities

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Noncurrent financial liabilities

 

 

81,200

 

82,108

 

 

428

 

81,628

Other noncurrent financial liabilities

 

774

 

1,630

 

1,633

 

261

 

 

2,665

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Current liabilities

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Put options and compensation rights granted to noncontrolling interest shareholders

 

 

3,795

 

3,811

 

 

 

3,795

Current financial liabilities

 

 

81,793

 

81,793

 

 

51

 

81,844

Trade payables

 

 

23,046

 

23,046

 

 

 

23,046

Other current financial liabilities

 

766

 

7,358

 

7,358

 

446

 

 

8,570

The classes of financial instruments have been added as part of the implementation of IFRS 9 (see the section on “Accounting policies”). The principal movement in this context was the reclassification of lease receivables and liabilities in the “measured at amortized cost” category to “not allocated to any measurement category”. Prior-year values under financial services receivables and financial liabilities have been restated. The carrying amount of lease receivables was €49,166 million (previous year: €46,156 million) and their fair value (fair value hierarchy level 3) was €49,791 million (previous year: €46,959 million). The carrying amount of lease liabilities was €449 million (previous year: €479 million) and their fair value (fair value hierarchy level 2) was €466 million (previous year: €510 million).

  (XLS:) Download

RECONCILIATION OF BALANCE SHEET ITEMS TO CLASSES OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS
AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2018

 

 

MEASURED AT FAIR VALUE

 

MEASURED AT
AMORTIZED COST

 

DERIVATIVE FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS WITHIN HEDGE ACCOUNTING

 

NOT ALLOCATED TO A MEASUREMENT CATEGORY

 

BALANCE SHEET ITEM AT Dec. 31, 2018

€ million

 

Carrying amount

 

Carrying amount

 

Fair value

 

Carrying amount

 

Carrying amount

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Noncurrent assets

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Equity-accounted investments

 

 

 

 

 

8,434

 

8,434

Other equity investments

 

134

 

 

 

 

1,340

 

1,474

Financial services receivables

 

286

 

46,905

 

47,789

 

 

31,501

 

78,692

Other financial assets

 

772

 

4,240

 

4,252

 

1,510

 

 

6,521

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Current assets

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Trade receivables

 

 

17,537

 

17,537

 

 

352

 

17,888

Financial services receivables

 

22

 

36,529

 

36,529

 

 

17,665

 

54,216

Other financial assets

 

1,094

 

9,179

 

9,179

 

1,341

 

1

 

11,615

Marketable securities

 

16,940

 

140

 

140

 

 

 

17,080

Cash, cash equivalents and time deposits

 

 

28,938

 

28,938

 

 

 

28,938

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Noncurrent liabilities

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Noncurrent financial liabilities

 

 

100,727

 

100,964

 

 

399

 

101,126

Other noncurrent financial liabilities

 

767

 

2,085

 

2,087

 

368

 

 

3,219

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Current liabilities

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Put options and compensation rights granted to noncontrolling interest shareholders

 

 

1,853

 

1,853

 

 

 

1,853

Current financial liabilities

 

 

89,707

 

89,707

 

 

51

 

89,757

Trade payables

 

 

23,607

 

23,607

 

 

 

23,607

Other current financial liabilities

 

718

 

8,010

 

8,010

 

721

 

 

9,449

Uniform valuation techniques and inputs are used to measure fair value. The fair value of Level 2 and 3 financial instruments is measured in the individual divisions on the basis of Group-wide specifications. The measurement techniques used are explained in the section on “Accounting policies”. The fair value of Level 3 receivables was measured by reference to individual expectations of losses; these are based to a significant extent on the Company’s assumptions about counterparty credit quality. The inputs used are not observable in an active market.

Other financial assets include receivables from tax allocations of €29 million, and other financial liabilities include liabilities from tax allocations of €33 million.

The following tables contain an overview of the financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value by level:

  (XLS:) Download

FINANCIAL ASSETS AND LIABILITIES MEASURED AT FAIR VALUE BY LEVEL

€ million

 

Dec. 31, 2017

 

Level 1

 

Level 2

 

Level 3

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Noncurrent assets

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Other equity investments

 

243

 

103

 

 

140

Other financial assets

 

776

 

 

705

 

71

Current assets

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Other financial assets

 

936

 

 

933

 

3

Marketable securities

 

15,939

 

15,939

 

 

Noncurrent liabilities

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Other noncurrent financial liabilities

 

774

 

 

242

 

532

Current liabilities

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Other current financial liabilities

 

766

 

 

533

 

233

  (XLS:) Download

€ million

 

Dec. 31, 2018

 

Level 1

 

Level 2

 

Level 3

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Noncurrent assets

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Other equity investments

 

134

 

56

 

25

 

53

Financial services receivables

 

286

 

 

 

286

Other financial assets

 

772

 

 

357

 

415

Current assets

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Financial services receivables

 

22

 

 

 

22

Other financial assets

 

1,094

 

 

880

 

214

Marketable securities

 

16,940

 

16,940

 

 

Noncurrent liabilities

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Other noncurrent financial liabilities

 

767

 

 

250

 

516

Current liabilities

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Other current financial liabilities

 

718

 

 

419

 

299

  (XLS:) Download

FAIR VALUE OF FINANCIAL ASSETS AND LIABILITIES MEASURED AT AMORTIZED COST BY LEVEL

€ million

 

Dec. 31, 2017

 

Level 1

 

Level 2

 

Level 3

1

Prior-year figures adjusted.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Fair value of financial assets measured at amortized cost

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Financial services receivables1

 

81,236

 

 

 

81,236

Trade receivables

 

13,357

 

 

13,184

 

173

Other financial assets

 

13,544

 

170

 

5,925

 

7,449

Cash, cash equivalents and time deposits

 

18,457

 

18,043

 

414

 

Fair value of financial assets measured at amortized cost

 

126,594

 

18,213

 

19,523

 

88,858

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Fair value of financial liabilities measured at amortized cost

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Put options and compensation rights granted to noncontrolling interest shareholders

 

3,811

 

 

 

3,811

Trade payables

 

23,046

 

 

23,046

 

Financial liabilities1

 

163,901

 

50,970

 

111,096

 

1,835

Other financial liabilities

 

8,992

 

596

 

8,184

 

212

Fair value of financial liabilities measured at amortized cost

 

199,749

 

51,566

 

142,326

 

5,857

  (XLS:) Download

€ million

 

Dec. 31, 2018

 

Level 1

 

Level 2

 

Level 3

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Fair value of financial assets measured at amortized cost

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Financial services receivables

 

84,319

 

 

 

84,319

Trade receivables

 

17,537

 

 

17,537

 

Other financial assets

 

13,432

 

378

 

5,033

 

8,020

Cash, cash equivalents and time deposits

 

28,938

 

28,115

 

823

 

Fair value of financial assets measured at amortized cost

 

144,226

 

28,493

 

23,394

 

92,339

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Fair value of financial liabilities measured at amortized cost

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Put options and compensation rights granted to noncontrolling interest shareholders

 

1,853

 

 

 

1,853

Trade payables

 

23,607

 

 

23,607

 

Financial liabilities

 

190,671

 

59,089

 

131,316

 

266

Other financial liabilities

 

10,097

 

1,297

 

8,568

 

233

Fair value of financial liabilities measured at amortized cost

 

226,228

 

60,386

 

163,491

 

2,352

Other financial assets include receivables from tax allocations of €29 million, and other financial liabilities include liabilities from tax allocations of €33 million.

  (XLS:) Download

DERIVATIVE FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS WITHIN HEDGE ACCOUNTING BY LEVEL

€ million

 

Dec. 31, 2017

 

Level 1

 

Level 2

 

Level 3

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Noncurrent assets

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Other financial assets

 

3,315

 

 

3,315

 

Current assets

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Other financial assets

 

1,909

 

 

1,909

 

Noncurrent liabilities

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Other noncurrent financial liabilities

 

261

 

 

261

 

Current liabilities

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Other current financial liabilities

 

446

 

 

445

 

0

  (XLS:) Download

€ million

 

Dec. 31, 2018

 

Level 1

 

Level 2

 

Level 3

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Noncurrent assets

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Other financial assets

 

1,510

 

 

1,510

 

Current assets

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Other financial assets

 

1,341

 

 

1,341

 

Noncurrent liabilities

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Other noncurrent financial liabilities

 

368

 

 

368

 

0

Current liabilities

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Other current financial liabilities

 

721

 

 

721

 

The allocation of fair values to the three levels in the fair value hierarchy is based on the availability of observable market prices. Level 1 is used to report the fair value of financial instruments for which a price is directly available in an active market. Examples include marketable securities and other equity investments measured at fair value that are listed and traded on a public market. Fair values in Level 2, for example of derivatives, are measured on the basis of market inputs using market-based valuation techniques. In particular, the inputs used include exchange rates, yield curves and commodity prices that are observable in the relevant markets and obtained through pricing services. Fair Values in Level 3 are calculated using valuation techniques that incorporate inputs that are not directly observable in active markets. In the Volkswagen Group, long-term commodity futures are allocated to Level 3 because the prices available on the market must be extrapolated for measurement purposes. This is done on the basis of observable inputs obtained for the different commodities through pricing services. Options on equity instruments, residual value protection models, customer financing receivables, receivables from vehicle financing programs and other equity investments are also reported in Level 3. Equity instruments are measured primarily using the relevant business plans and entity-specific discount rates. The significant inputs used to measure fair value for the residual value protection models include forecasts and estimates of used vehicle residual values for the appropriate models. The measurement of vehicle financing programs requires in particular the use of the corresponding vehicle price.

The table below provides a summary of changes in level 3 balance sheet items measured at fair value:

  (XLS:) Download

CHANGES IN BALANCE SHEET ITEMS MEASURED AT FAIR VALUE BASED ON LEVEL 3

€ million

 

Financial assets measured at fair value

 

Financial liabilities measured at fair value

 

 

 

 

 

Balance at Jan. 1, 2017

 

152

 

230

Foreign exchange differences

 

−9

 

−1

Total comprehensive income

 

68

 

526

recognized in profit or loss

 

72

 

526

recognized in other comprehensive income

 

−4

 

0

Additions (purchases)

 

47

 

115

Sales and settlements

 

−11

 

−104

Transfers into Level 2

 

−31

 

−2

Balance at Dec. 31, 2017

 

215

 

765

 

 

 

 

 

Total gains or losses recognized in profit or loss

 

72

 

−526

Net other operating expense/income

 

 

of which attributable to assets/liabilities held at the reporting date

 

 

Financial result

 

72

 

−526

of which attributable to assets/liabilities held at the reporting date

 

32

 

−525

  (XLS:) Download

€ million

 

Financial assets measured at fair value

 

Financial liabilities measured at fair value

1

Value in the opening balance adjusted (see disclosures on IFRS 9).

 

 

 

 

 

Balance at Jan. 1, 2018

 

8231

 

765

Foreign exchange differences

 

−33

 

−3

Changes in consolidated Group

 

−184

 

Total comprehensive income

 

78

 

204

recognized in profit or loss

 

27

 

204

recognized in other comprehensive income

 

51

 

Additions (purchases)

 

339

 

28

Sales and settlements

 

−2

 

−183

Transfers into Level 2

 

−32

 

5

Balance at Dec. 31, 2018

 

990

 

816

 

 

 

 

 

Total gains or losses recognized in profit or loss

 

27

 

−204

Net other operating expense/income

 

31

 

−203

of which attributable to assets/liabilities held at the reporting date

 

58

 

−235

Financial result

 

−4

 

0

of which attributable to assets/liabilities held at the reporting date

 

−5

 

The transfers between the levels of the fair value hierarchy are reported at the respective reporting dates. The transfers out of Level 3 into Level 2 comprise commodity futures for which observable quoted prices are now available for measurement purposes due to the decline in their remaining maturities; consequently, no extrapolation is required. There were no transfers between other levels of the fair value hierarchy.

Commodity prices are the key risk variable for the fair value of commodity futures. Sensitivity analyses are used to present the effect of changes in commodity prices on earnings after tax and equity.

If commodity prices for commodity futures classified as Level 3 had been 10 % higher (lower) as of December 31, 2018, earnings after tax would have been €59 million (previous year: €10 million) higher (lower). The equity is not affected.

The key risk variable for measuring options on equity instruments held by the Company is the relevant enterprise value. Sensitivity analyses are used to present the effect of changes in risk variables on earnings after tax.

If the assumed enterprise values at December 31, 2018 had been 10 % higher, earnings after tax would have been €3 million (previous year: €3 million) higher. If the assumed enterprise values at December 31, 2018 had been 10 % lower, earnings after tax would have been €3 million (previous year: €3 million) lower.

Residual value risks result from hedging agreements with dealers under which earnings effects caused by market-related fluctuations in residual values that arise from buyback obligations under leases are borne in part by the Volkswagen Group.

The key risk variable influencing the fair value of the options relating to residual value risks is used car prices. Sensitivity analyses are used to quantify the effects of changes in used car prices on earnings after tax.

If the prices of the used cars covered by the residual value protection model had been 10 % higher as of December 31, 2018, earnings after tax would have been €325 million (previous year: €319 million) higher. If the prices of the used cars covered by the residual value protection model had been 10 % lower as of December 31, 2018, earnings after tax would have been €352 million (previous year: €333 million) lower.

If the risk-adjusted interest rates applied to receivables measured at fair value had been 100 basis points higher as of December 31, 2018, earnings after tax would have been €1 million lower. If the risk-adjusted interest rates as of December 31, 2018 had been 100 basis points lower, earnings after tax would have been €4 million higher.

If the corresponding vehicle price used in the vehicle financing programs had been 10 % higher as of December 31, 2018, earnings after tax would have been €8 million higher. If the corresponding vehicle prices used in the vehicle financing programs had been 10 % lower as of December 31, 2018, earnings after tax would have been €8 million lower.

If the result of operations of equity investments measured at fair value had been 10% better as of December 31, 2018, the equity would have been €3 million higher. If the result of operations had been 10% worse, the equity would have been €3 million lower.

OFFSETTING OF FINANCIAL ASSETS AND LIABILITIES

The following tables contain information about the effects of offsetting in the balance sheet and the potential financial effects of offsetting in the case of instruments that are subject to a legally enforceable master netting arrangement or a similar agreement.

  (XLS:) Download

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

AMOUNTS THAT ARE NOT SET OFF IN THE BALANCE SHEET

 

 

€ million

 

Gross amounts of recognized financial assets

 

Gross amounts of recognized financial liabilities set off in the balance sheet

 

Net amounts of financial assets presented in the balance sheet

 

Financial instruments

 

Collateral received

 

Net amount at Dec. 31, 2017

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Derivatives

 

6,936

 

0

 

6,936

 

−1,036

 

−197

 

5,704

Financial services receivables

 

126,877

 

−482

 

126,395

 

 

−67

 

126,328

Trade receivables

 

13,356

 

0

 

13,356

 

0

 

−1

 

13,355

Marketable securities

 

15,939

 

 

15,939

 

 

 

15,939

Cash, cash equivalents and time deposits

 

18,457

 

 

18,457

 

 

 

18,457

Other financial assets

 

13,780

 

−20

 

13,760

 

 

 

13,760

  (XLS:) Download

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

AMOUNTS THAT ARE NOT SET OFF IN THE BALANCE SHEET

 

 

€ million

 

Gross amounts of recognized financial assets

 

Gross amounts of recognized financial liabilities set off in the balance sheet

 

Net amounts of financial assets presented in the balance sheet

 

Financial instruments

 

Collateral received

 

Net amount at Dec. 31, 2018

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Derivatives

 

3,979

 

0

 

3,979

 

−1,819

 

−171

 

1,989

Financial services receivables

 

132,909

 

 

132,909

 

 

−77

 

132,831

Trade receivables

 

17,537

 

0

 

17,537

 

0

 

 

17,536

Marketable securities

 

17,080

 

 

17,080

 

 

 

17,080

Cash, cash equivalents and time deposits

 

28,938

 

 

28,938

 

 

 

28,938

Other financial assets

 

14,307

 

−15

 

14,291

 

 

 

14,291

Other financial assets include receivables from tax allocations of €29 million.

  (XLS:) Download

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

AMOUNTS THAT ARE NOT SET OFF IN THE BALANCE SHEET

 

 

€ million

 

Gross amounts of recognized financial liabilities

 

Gross amounts of recognized financial assets set off in the balance sheet

 

Net amounts of financial liabilities presented in the balance sheet

 

Financial instruments

 

Collateral pledged

 

Net amount at Dec. 31, 2017

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Put options and compensation rights granted to noncontrolling interest shareholders

 

3,795

 

 

3,795

 

 

 

3,795

Derivatives

 

2,254

 

−7

 

2,246

 

−904

 

−12

 

1,330

Financial liabilities

 

163,472

 

 

163,472

 

 

−2,795

 

160,677

Trade payables

 

23,046

 

0

 

23,046

 

0

 

 

23,045

Other financial liabilities

 

9,483

 

−495

 

8,988

 

 

 

8,988

  (XLS:) Download

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

AMOUNTS THAT ARE NOT SET OFF IN THE BALANCE SHEET

 

 

€ million

 

Gross amounts of recognized financial liabilities

 

Gross amounts of recognized financial assets set off in the balance sheet

 

Net amounts of financial liabilities presented in the balance sheet

 

Financial instruments

 

Collateral pledged

 

Net amount at Dec. 31, 2018

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Put options and compensation rights granted to noncontrolling interest shareholders

 

1,853

 

 

1,853

 

 

 

1,853

Derivatives

 

2,573

 

0

 

2,573

 

−1,738

 

−1

 

834

Financial liabilities

 

190,883

 

 

190,883

 

 

−1,953

 

188,931

Trade payables

 

23,607

 

0

 

23,607

 

0

 

 

23,607

Other financial liabilities

 

10,111

 

−15

 

10,095

 

 

 

10,095

The Financial instruments column shows the amounts that are subject to a master netting arrangement but were not set off because they do not meet the criteria for offsetting in the balance sheet. The Collateral received and Collateral pledged columns show the amounts of cash collateral and collateral in the form of financial instruments received and pledged for the total assets and liabilities that do not meet the criteria for offsetting in the balance sheet.

Other financial liabilites include receivables from tax allocations of €33 million.

ASSET-BACKED SECURITIES TRANSACTIONS

Asset-backed securities transactions with financial assets amounting to €27,906 million (previous year: €24,561 million) entered into to refinance the financial services business are included in bonds, commercial paper and notes, and liabilities from loans. The corresponding carrying amount of the receivables from the customer and dealer financing and the finance lease business amounted to €32,669 million (previous year: €26,689 million). Collateral of €47,884 million (previous year: €41,799 million) in total was furnished as part of asset-backed securities transactions. The expected payments were assigned to structured entities and the equitable liens in the financed vehicles were transferred. These asset-backed securities transactions did not result in the receivables from financial services business being derecognized, as the Group retains nonpayment and late payment risks. The difference between the assigned receivables and the related liabilities is the result of different terms and conditions and the share of the securitized paper and notes held by the Volkswagen Group itself, as well as the proportion of vehicles financed within the Group.

Most of the public and private asset-backed securities transactions of the Volkswagen Group can be repaid in advance (clean-up call) if less than 9 % or 10 %, as appropriate, of the original transaction volume is outstanding. The assigned receivables cannot be assigned again or pledged elsewhere as collateral. The claims of the holders of commercial paper and notes are limited to the assigned receivables and the receipts from those receivables are earmarked for the repayment of the corresponding liability.

As of December 31, 2018, the fair value of the assigned receivables still recognized in the balance sheet was €32,944 million (previous year: €27,089 million). The fair value of the related liabilities was €30,122 million (previous year: €24,511 million) at that reporting date.

Companies of the Volkswagen Financial Services subgroup are contractually obliged, under certain conditions, to transfer funds to the structured entities that are included in its financial statements. Since the receivables are transferred to the special purpose entity by way of undisclosed assignment, the situation may occur in which the receivable has already been reduced in a legally binding manner at the originator, for example if the obligor effectively offsets it against receivables owed to it by a company belonging to the Volkswagen Group. In this case, collateral must be furnished for the resulting compensation claims against the special purpose entity, for example if the rating of the Group company concerned declines to a contractually agreed reference value.